https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/assertion https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-8729 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1862-3428 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher https://ror.org/0078xmk34 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_203 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fair/ff/terms/article https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#FAIRDigitalObject https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of drought in many parts of the world, including Montana. In the face of worsening drought conditions, agricultural producers need to adapt their operations to mitigate risk. This study examined the role of local knowledge and climate information in drought-related decisions through five focus groups with Montana farmers and ranchers. We found that trust and risk perceptions mediated how producers utilized both local knowledge and climate information. More specifically, producers relied on local knowledge in drought-related decisions, regarding their own observation and past experience as trustworthy and not particularly risky. In contrast, climate information and seasonal climate forecasts in particular were regarded as risky and untrustworthy, largely due to a perceived lack of accuracy. Since producers tended to be risk averse, especially given market and climate uncertainties, they rarely relied on “risky” climate information. At the same time, producers actively managed risk and tested out new technologies and practices through processes of trial and error, what they called “experimenting,” which enabled them to build firsthand knowledge of potential adaptations. In the context of uncertainty and risk aversion, programs that reduce the financial risk of experimenting with new technologies and adaptive practices are needed to enable producers to develop direct experience with innovations designed to mitigate drought risk. Further, scientists developing climate information need to work directly with farmers and ranchers to better integrate local knowledge into climate information. Major findings: Montana agricultural producers prioritize local experiential knowledge over seasonal climate forecasts because they frequently view science-driven data as inaccurate, untrustworthy, or poorly scaled to their specific lands. Due to extreme financial vulnerability, these producers are highly risk-averse and often perceive unproven climate information as an added danger to their livelihoods rather than a tool for mitigation. To manage this uncertainty, they utilize small-scale on-farm "experiments" to build trusted local knowledge before adopting new practices or technologies on a larger scale. The study concludes that successful drought adaptation requires a "farmer first" approach where scientists co-produce climate services that integrate local observations and provide financial support for producer-led experimentation. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label How agricultural producers use local knowledge, climate information, and on-farm “experiments” to address drought risk https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 https://schema.org/funder https://ror.org/0078xmk34 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#hasMetadata https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#contactPoint adam.snitker@colostate.edu https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#endDate 2024-06-28 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#startDate 2023-06-28 https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/pubinfo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Emily Regalado https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-01-14T04:17:45.552Z https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-024-10582-3 https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y http://purl.org/nanopub/x/wasCreatedAt https://nanodash.knowledgepixels.com/ https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RA7lSq6MuK_TIC6JMSHvLtee3lpLoZDOqLJCLXevnrPoU https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RA0J4vUn_dekg-U1kK3AOEt02p9mT2WO03uGxLDec1jLw https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RAukAcWHRDlkqxk7H2XNSegc1WnHI569INvNr-xdptDGI https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RArM5GTwgxg9qslGX-XiQ-KTTUwdoM0KB1YqmT4GqTizA https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxzr6UBGMW6c8tegz0babaledWUEQ0PLDE4tp7Iinbe2DZtAtY5JUptKYuStWDZx+QER4808P8dejNWRnBDzgthYJm/AyNSXflHSJhz2+NC+h7RylOLxbwLEQocmyKKiYxa2gT85m6ajVL2M6TnfG67nnK+K2f7iCGL6wYXRITD1q+7+5SWqBdDXIV921W4IKWaD2GJk+NRBoOqQhbsrk8Tn5XsNd7DMYVHk47oMDGbeBnrOIoRPsbBgAcoCsxxhiB9yN6Lf8EUbnlXVEDzJuZk048L1BDZL+6nkA8btTQGP2ijUFWA7rTrod3LjUDQWLZS95njjl867dtmv/znYkzwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature X4GsRPtdGKg8ALHrNc/CCBpaQQYkgPZJE6T8BfnoRKpspCoBt+GBUCzD2nnlUuGwaApMCYOYK34qBWhSWeF04zxBKfhA1lSLIkJRiu0kQJHYQMI2u4UWQPdBo5BByNUw672PpaDAudpufGFWgBUzE68Mvy9R/IiA9KN9n2TN1zIFyJ+9N9ifu4OvE3SmtZoStuEiZ6A7J1p7J6VguQsl3mv83fHuwM/3C/oVScd//X8CiTPaAsOVT58XSHuYBeZCDTvaq11YhlDLwaE5aRQ+kTNA+HsocKHEHwFN4/bFESQ+aZwQA728aAW/5B2sXNNdJiZWbK1EDrbvpU/oTB+gVQ== https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y https://w3id.org/np/RAVOt58PZh-Cl3zxWNDyg7e3vfc6mApyDwwbX3OKKQ38Y/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742