https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/assertion https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7818-1559 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher https://ror.org/051hpv692 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C16309 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fair/ff/terms/article https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#FAIRDigitalObject https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Background Barriers are the landscape features that firefighters leverage to stop wildfire spread. In the United States, decision-makers discuss barrier availability in a framework called the Wildland Fire Decision Support System (WFDSS). Aims This study analyzes WFDSS text from 6630 large wildfires and examines the barriers identified. Methods A large language model was trained and validated, then used to detect 13 different barriers. Burn scar and fuel treatment barriers were compared with their availability near each fire. Key results Decision-makers recognize barriers on most wildfires (75%) and explicitly state when they are not present. Roads (42% of incidents), burn scars (26%) and natural fuel variability (25%) are the most common barriers. There is a strong relationship between the amount of burned area and the probability that it is identified as a barrier. The relationship between fuel treatment barriers and their availability is weak, but fuel treatments are recognized as barriers at lower landscape thresholds than burn scars. Conclusions Prior wildfire yields more opportunities for stopping fire spread than fuel treatments. However, a smaller area must be treated than burned naturally before fire managers consider it a barrier. Implications This study helps direct policy towards expanding useful barriers. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Learning from Wildfire Decision Support: large language model analysis of barriers to fire spread in a census of large wildfires in the United States (2011–2023) https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 https://schema.org/funder https://ror.org/021nxhr62 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#hasMetadata https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#contactPoint Maggie.epstein@mso.umt.edu https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#endDate 04 September 2025 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#startDate 2024 https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/pubinfo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Emily Regalado https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-07-08T15:44:42.565Z https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://doi.org/10.1071/WF25051 https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM http://purl.org/nanopub/x/wasCreatedAt https://nanodash.knowledgepixels.com/ https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RA7lSq6MuK_TIC6JMSHvLtee3lpLoZDOqLJCLXevnrPoU https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RACJ58Gvyn91LqCKIO9zu1eijDQIeEff28iyDrJgjSJF8 https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RAukAcWHRDlkqxk7H2XNSegc1WnHI569INvNr-xdptDGI https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RArM5GTwgxg9qslGX-XiQ-KTTUwdoM0KB1YqmT4GqTizA https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxzr6UBGMW6c8tegz0babaledWUEQ0PLDE4tp7Iinbe2DZtAtY5JUptKYuStWDZx+QER4808P8dejNWRnBDzgthYJm/AyNSXflHSJhz2+NC+h7RylOLxbwLEQocmyKKiYxa2gT85m6ajVL2M6TnfG67nnK+K2f7iCGL6wYXRITD1q+7+5SWqBdDXIV921W4IKWaD2GJk+NRBoOqQhbsrk8Tn5XsNd7DMYVHk47oMDGbeBnrOIoRPsbBgAcoCsxxhiB9yN6Lf8EUbnlXVEDzJuZk048L1BDZL+6nkA8btTQGP2ijUFWA7rTrod3LjUDQWLZS95njjl867dtmv/znYkzwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature DgcBVywl5IA7YhLyanoZbdPzk/APRqJnQNd2IoNR1dz5WIZJHylv/LZcvQFZvEnetp+5gfUHkK8jThi9ApA8ZkzCQ9GdYYGbl6TdcnW1brA8I+F5Az1RnJzBV9qcrvzwoDm94b4VPfxTKE5bJlfJJr7wlTtMP4/v8cHpet593BFCNFs3j1hihz+HAd/Yy/DhwL8loA/TQ43Z2czs/Dk1Y8BHhzXarETE9Zoy4dQ3zcQOsK9ReQ5FohAVAjSS158yd2ZK9fQSsYVHrC8QoUA5P24p7TrSLmQWHqFwMy2x3hGlzqKXDn5LlOyfJC7inVnqEyWIL3hibGaXbiexjdUWjQ== https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM https://w3id.org/np/RAei1P_vxhCMfTikg-uVjuj_nnG4gmeu8cQ9nazvQKXUM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742